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Atlas of Histologywith functional correlations. 13-Ed

Автор: Victor P. Eroschenko

Год: 2017

Страницы: 645

Язык: Английский

Издательство: Wolters Kluwer

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This work is provided "as is," and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work Including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

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Dedication v

Preface to the Thirteenth Edition vii Reviewers ix

CHAPTER 1 histologic methods 2

SECTION 1 Tissue Preparation and Staining of Sections 2 SECTION 2 Histologic Slide Interpretation 4

figure 1.1 Kidney cortex with a renal corpuscle and different convoluted tubules. 4

figure 1.2 Skeletal muscle sectioned in the longitudinal plane and cross section with surrounding blue-staining connective tissue. 5

figure 1.3 Villus of a small intestine with brush border, columnar epithelium, and goblet cells. 5

figure 1.4 Section of a wall from the aorta, showing the presence of dark-staining elastic fibers and pink smooth muscles. 5

figure 1.5 Intramembranous ossification in skull bones showing blue connective tissue, red blood cells, and blood vessels with blood cells. 5

figure 1.6 Blood smear with different cells and platelets. 6

figure 1.7 Cross section of the spinal cord showing the gray and white matter. 6

figure 1.8 Cross section of a peripheral nerve showing the myelin sheath of the axons. 6

figure 1.9 Small artery and veins showing blood cells and the surrounding connective tissues. 6

figure 1.10 Planes of sections through a round object, a hard-boiled, solid egg. 7

figure 1.11 Planes of section through a hollow object, a tube. 8

figure 1.12 Tubules of the testis in different planes of section. 9

Cell and Cytoplasm

CHAPTER 2 light and transmission electron microscopy 12

figure 2.1 Composite illustration of a cell, its cytoplasm, and its organelles. 13

figure 2.2 Composition of cell membrane. 14

figure 2.3 Internal and external morphology of ciliated and nonciliated epithelium. 20

figure 2 .4 A junctional complex between epithelial cells. 21

figure 2.5 Basal regions of epithelial cells. 22

figure 2.6 Basal region of an ion-transporting cell. 23

figure 2.7 Cilia and microvilli. 24

figure 2.8 Nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. 25

figure 2.9 Mitochondria (longitudinal and cross section). 26

figure 2.10 Rough endoplasmic reticulum. 26

figure 2.11 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 27

figure 2.12 Golgi apparatus. 28

figure 2.13 в infrastructure of lysosomes and residual bodies in the cytoplasm of a tissue macrophage. 29

figure 2.14 Cytoplasmic contents and organelles of a ciliated cell from an avian oviduct. 34

figure 2.15 Cell and cytoplasmic organelles in a cell from a rodent spinal cord. 34

figure 2.16 A section of a cell nucleus and the adjacent cytoplasmic organelles. 35

figure 2.17 A section of a ciliated cell cytoplasm exhibiting different organelles in the epithelium of an avian oviduct. 35

figure 2.18 Secretory cells with dense secretory granules in the apical regions of a gland from a section of an avian oviduct. 36

figure 2.19 Apical section of cells from the lining epithelium of an avian oviduct showing different cytoplasmic organelles. 36

figure 2.20 Transverse section of a secretory epithelium from an avian oviduct showing the developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. 37

figure 2.21 Secretory cell with dense secretory granules and the dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum in the glandular epithelium of an avian oviduct. 37

CHAPTER 3 cells and the cell cycle 38

figure 3.1 Different phases of mitosis and cytokinesis. 40

CHAPTER 4 EPITHELIAL TISSUE 44

SECTION 1 Classification of Epithelial Tissue 44

figure 4.1 Different types of epithelia in selected organs. 45

figure 4.2 Simple squamous epithelium: surface view of peritoneal mesothelium. 47

figure 4.3 Simple squamous epithelium: peritoneal mesothelium surrounding the small intestine (transverse section). 48

figure 4.4 Different epithelial types in the kidney cortex. 49

figure 4.5 Simple columnar epithelium: surface of the stomach. 49

figure 4.6 Simple columnar epithelium on villi in the small intestine: cells with brush

borders (microvilli) and goblet cells. 50

figure 4.7 Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium: respiratory passages—trachea. 52

figure 4.8 Transitional epithelium: bladder (unstretched or relaxed). 53

figure 4.9 Transitional epithelium: bladder (stretched). 54

figure 4.10 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium: esophagus. 55

figure 4.11 Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium: palm of the hand. 56

figure 4.12 Stratified cuboidal epithelium: an excretory duct in the salivary gland. 57

SECTION 2 Classification of Glandular Tissue 60

figure 4.13 Unbranched simple tubular exocrine glands: intestinal glands. A. Diagram of the gland. B. Transverse section of the large intestine. 61

figure 4.14 Simple branched tubular exocrine gland: gastric glands. A. Diagram of the gland. B. Transverse section of the stomach. 62

figure 4.15 Coiled tubular exocrine glands: sweat glands. a. Diagram of the gland. B. Transverse and three-dimensional view of a coiled sweat gland. 62

figure 4. 16 Compound acinar exocrine gland: mammary gland. a. Diagram of the gland. В and C. A mammary gland during lactation. 63

figure 4. 17 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: salivary gland. a. Diagram of the gland. b. a submandibular salivary gland. 63

figure 4.18 Compound tubuloacinar (exocrine) gland: submaxillary salivary gland. 64

figure 4.19 Endocrine gland: pancreatic islet. a. Diagram of a pancreatic islet. b. High magnification of the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. 65

figure 4.20 Endocrine and exocrine pancreas. 66

figure 4.21 Simple cuboidal and simple squamous epithelium in different tubules of a rodent kidney. 69

figure 4.22 Simple columnar and simple squamous epithelia in the papillary region of a primate kidney. 69

figure 4.23 Simple columnar epithelium with brush border, goblet cells, and lymphocytes in the connective tissue of a rodent intestinal villus. 70

figure 4.24 Simple columnar epithelium exhibiting both ciliated and secretory cells overlying connective tissue with fibrocytes in a primate oviduct. 70

figure 4.25 Stratified cuboidal epithelium lining the excretory duct of a primate salivary gland and surrounded by connective tissue fibers and cells. 71

figure 4.26 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia surrounded by smooth muscle fibers in a primate epididymis. 71

figure 4.27 Transitional epithelium in a relaxed primate bladder overlying connective tissue with fibrocytes. 72

figure 4.28 Stratified squamous nonkeratinized (moist) vaginal primate epithelium with underlying connective tissue filled with numerous dark-staining lymphocytes. 72

CHAPTER 5 connective tissue 73

figure 5.1 Composite illustration of loose connective tissue with its predominant cells and fibers. 74

figure 5.2 Loose connective tissue (spread). Stained for cells and fibers. 77

figure 5.3 Cells of the connective tissue. 78

figure 5.4 A connective tissue, a capillary, and a mast cell in the mesentery of a small intestine. 79

figure 5.5 Embryonic connective tissue. 79

figure 5.6 Loose connective tissue with blood vessels and adipose cells. 80

figure 5.7 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue. 81

figure 5.8 Dense irregular and loose irregular connective tissue. 81

figure 5.9 Dense irregular connective tissue and adipose tissue. 82

figure 5.ю Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal section). 83

figure 5.11 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (longitudinal section). 84

figure 5.12 Dense regular connective tissue: tendon (transverse section). 85

figure 5.13 Adipose tissue in the intestine. 85

figure 5.14 Mesenchymal tissue from a developing rodent fetus. 90

figure 5.15 Whole mount section through a mesentery illustrating the loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, and the abundant surrounding ground substance. 90

figure 5.16 Loose connective tissue below the transitional epithelium in a section from a primate urethra. 91

figure 5.17 Dense irregular connective tissue in a canine lip adjacent to white adipose cells (tissue). 91

figure 5.18 Dense regular connective tissue from a primate tendon illustrating the dense arrangement of collagen fibers and the compressed fibroblasts. 92

figure 5.19 Reticular fiber meshwork in a primate lymph node. 92

figure 5.20 A section of the wall from an aorta illustrating different connective tissue fibers and smooth muscle fibers. 93

figure 5.21 White adipose tissue (cells) adjacent to skeletal muscle fibers and dense irregular collagen fibers. Histologic preparation dissolved the lipids in the cell cytoplasm, showing only the nuclei. 93

CHAPTER 6 hematopoietic tissue 94

SECTION 1 Blood 94

figure 6.1 Differentiation of myeloid and lymphoid stem cells into their mature forms and their distribution in the blood and connective tissue. 95

figure 6.2 Human blood smear: erythrocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, a lymphocyte, and platelets. 97

figure 6.3 Human blood smear: RBGs. neutrophils, a large lymphocyte, and platelets. 98

figure 6.4 Erythrocytes and platelets in a blood smear. 98

figure 6.5 Neutrophils and a Barr body. 99

figure 6.6 Eosinophil. 100

figure 6.7 Lymphocytes. 100

figure 6.8 Monocyte. 101

figure 6.9 Basophil. 101

figure 6.10 Human blood smear: a basophil, a neutrophil, erythrocytes, and platelets. 103

figure 6.11 Human blood smear: a monocyte, erythrocytes, and platelets. 103

figure 6.12 Development of different blood cells in the red bone marrow (decalcified). 107

SECTION 2 Bone Marrow 107

figure 6.13 Bone marrow smear: development of different blood cell types. 109

figure 6.14 Bone marrow smear: selected precursors of different blood cells. 110

figure 6.15 Human blood smear showing different blood cells and cellular fragments, the platelets. 114

figure 6.16 Human blood smear exhibiting different blood cells and cell fragments. 114

figure 6.17 High magnification of a human blood smear showing two neutrophils with multilobar nuclei and some light-staining cytoplasmic granules. 115

figure 6.18 High magnification of a human blood smear showing an eosinophil with characteristic pink-staining eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules and bilobed nucleus, lis 115

figure 6.19 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a basophil with characteristic dark blue--staining cytoplasmic granules. 116

figure 6.20 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a large monocyte with characteristic "kidney-shaped" nucleus. 116

figure 6.21 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a seldom-seen large lymphocyte with a characteristic dense nucleus and a rim of visible, blue-staining cytoplasm. 117

figure 6.22 High magnification of a human blood smear showing a small lymphocyte with a dense blue nucleus occupying almost all of the cytoplasm. 117

CHAPTER 7 skeletal tissue: cartilage and bone 118

SECTION 1 Cartilage lit

figure 7.1 Endochondral ossification illustrating the progressive stages of bone formation from a cartilage model of bone. 119

figure 7.2 Developing fetal hyaline cartilage. 120

figure 7.3 Hyaline cartilage and surrounding structures: trachea. 121

figure 7.4 Cells and matrix of mature hyaline cartilage. 122

figure 7.5 Hyaline cartilage: developing bone. 122

figure 7.6 Elastic cartilage: epiglottis. 123

figure 7.7 Elastic cartilage, epiglottis. 124

figure 7.8 Fibrocartilage: intervertebral disk. 124

figure 7.9 Dense fibrocartilage with chondrocytes and type I collagen fibers from a primate intervertebral disk. 125

figure 7.10 A peripheral section of hyaline cartilage showing the perichondrium and the cellular contents. 128

figure 7.11 A higher magnification of the hyaline cartilage and its cellular contents. 128

figure 7.12 A higher magnification of a peripheral section of hyaline cartilage with surrounding perichondrium. 129

figure 7.13 A section of an elastic cartilage showing the peripheral perichondrium and its contents. 129

figure 7.14 High magnification of elastic cartilage (peripheral section). 130

figure 7.15 A section of fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disk illustrating the density of the connective tissue. 130

figure 7.16 A section of intervertebral disk showing the fibrocartilage cut at a different angle, the collagen fibers, and chondrocytes. 131

figure 7.17 Fibrocartilage from a different region of the intervertebral disk illustrating the dense collagen fibers and chondrocytes between the fibers. 131

SECTION 2 Bone 152

figure 7.18 Histology of a section of formed compact bone. 133

figure 7.19 Endochondral ossification: development of a long bone (panoramic view. longitudinal section). 136

figure 7.20 Endochondral ossification: zone of ossification. 137

figure 7.21 Endochondral ossification: zone of ossification. 138

figure 7.22 Endochondral ossification: formation of secondary (epiphyseal) centers of ossification and the epiphyseal plate in a long bone (decalcified bone, longitudinal section). 139

figure 7.23 Bone formation: primitive bone marrow and development of osteons (Haversian systems; decalcified bone, transverse section). 140

figure 7.24 Intramembranous ossification: developing mandible (decalcified bone, transverse section). 141

figure 7.25 Intramembranous ossification: developing skull bone (decalcified bone; transverse section). 142

figure 7.26 Cancellous bone with trabeculae and bone marrow cavities: sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section). 142

figure 7.27 Cancellous bone: sternum (decalcified bone, transverse section). 143

figure 7.28 Dry. compact bone: ground, transverse section. 144

figure 7.29 Dry. compact bone: ground, longitudinal section. 145

figure 7.30 Dry. compact bone: an osteon, transverse section. 146

figure 7.31 Endochondral ossification illustrating the hyaline cartilage matrix, calcified cartilage, and formation of the bony collar. 150

figure 7.32 Endochondral ossification showing calcified cartilage with bony layers and the developing bone marrow. 150

figure 7.33 A section of the calcified cartilage in endochondral ossification with bone marrow cells. 151

figure 7.34 Endochondral ossification with calcified cartilage, bone matrix, and bone-forming cells. 151

figure 7.35 Intramembranous ossification showing the bone-forming cells and the developing bone marrow. 152

figure 7.36 Bone trabeculae undergoing development by intramembranous ossification. 152

figure 7.37 Higher-magnification bony trabeculae undergoing intramembranous ossification. 153

figure 7.38 Dry and ground compact bone illustrates its internal structures. 153

CHAPTER 8 muscle tissue isa

SECTION 1 Skeletal Muscle 154

figure 8.1 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of skeletal muscle. 155

figure 8.2 Longitudinal and transverse sections of skeletal (striated) muscles of the tongue. 156

figure 8.3 Skeletal (striated) muscles of the tongue (longitudinal and transverse section). 157

figure 8.4 Skeletal muscle fibers (longitudinal section). 158

figure 8.5 Ultrastructure of myofibrils in skeletal muscle. 159

figure 8.6 Ultrastructure of sarcomeres. T tubules, and triads in skeletal muscle. 160

figure 8.7 Skeletal muscles, nerves, axons, and motor endplates. 160

figure 8.8 Skeletal muscle with a muscle spindle (transverse section). 162

SECTION 2 Cardiac Musde 161

figure 8.9 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle. 163

figure 8.10 Longitudinal and transverse sections of cardiac muscle. 164

figure 8.11 Cardiac muscle (longitudinal section). 165

figure 8.12 Cardiac muscle in longitudinal section. 165

figure 8.13 Ultrastructure of cardiac muscle in longitudinal section. 166

SECTION 3 Smooth Musde 163

figure 8.14 Diagrammatic representation of the microscopic appearance of smooth muscle. 168

figure 8.15 longitudinal and transverse section of smooth muscle in the wall of the small intestine. 169

figure 8.16 Smooth muscle: wall of the small intestine (transverse and longitudinal section). 170

figure 8.17 Ultrastructure of smooth muscle fibers from a section of an intestinal wall. 170

figure 8.18 Cross and longitudinal section of skeletal muscle fibers from a primate tongue. 175

figure 8.19 Higher magnification of skeletal muscle from the tongue sectioned in longitudinal and transverse planes. 175

figure 8.20 High magnification of a plastic section showing skeletal muscle striations. peripheral nuclei, and the surrounding connective tissue. 176

figure 8.21 Thin plastic section of a skeletal muscle showing the muscle spindle, its contents, and the surrounding muscle fibers. 176

figure 8.22 High magnification of a section of primate cardiac muscle showing the central nuclei and intercalated discs. 177

figure 8.23 Section of a primate heart muscle illustrating the appearance of cardiac muscle fibers cut in different planes. 177

figure 8.24 A cross section of a small intestine wall showing the circular (upper) and longitudinal (lower) smooth muscle layers. 178

figure 8.25 High magnification of the circular layer of the smooth muscle in the wall of a primate small intestine. 178

CHAPTER 9 nervous tissue 179

SECTION 1 Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord 179

figure 9.1 Central nervous system (CNS). The CNS is composed of the brain and spinal cord. A section of the brain and spinal cord is illustrated with their protective connective tissue layers called meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater). 179

figure 9.2 Examples of different types of neurons located in various ganglia and organs outside the CNS. 180

figure 9.3 Spinal cord: midthoracic region (transverse section). 183

figure 9.4 Spinal cord: anterior gray horn, motor neuron, and adjacent white matter. 184

figure 9.5 Spinal cord: midcervical region (transverse section). 185

figure 9.6 Spinal cord: anterior gray horn, motor neurons, and adjacent anterior white matter. 186

figure 9.7 Ultrastructure of typical axodendritic synapses in the CNS. Transmission electron micrograph. 187

figure 9.8 Motor neurons: anterior horn of the spinal cord. 188

figure 9.9 Neurofibrils and motor neurons in the gray matter of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. 190

figure 9.io Anterior gray horn of the spinal cord: multipolar neurons, axons, and neuroglial cells. 191

figure 9.11 Cerebral cortex: gray matter: 192

figure 9.12 Layer V of the cerebral cortex. 193

figure 9.13 Cerebellum (transverse section). 194

figure 9.14 Cerebellar cortex: molecular. Purkinje cell, and granular cell layers. 195

figure 9.15 Fibrous astrocytes and capillary in the brain. 196

figure 9.16 Ultrastructure of a capillary in the CNS and the perivascular endfeet of astrocytes. Transmission electron micrograph. 197

figure 9.17 Oligodendrocytes of the brain. 198

figure 9.18 Ultrastructure of an oligodendrocyte in the CNS with myelinated axons. Transmission electron micrograph. 199

figure 9.19 Ultrastructure of myelinated axons in the CNS with a node of Ranvier. Transmission electron micrograph. 200

figure 9.20 Microglia of the brain. 201

SECTION 2 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) 207

figure 9.21 Peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves. A cross section of the spinal cord is illustrated with the characteristic features of the motor neuron and a cross section of a peripheral nerve. 207

figure 9.22 Peripheral nerves and blood vessels (transverse section). 208

figure 9.23 Myelinated nerve fibers (longitudinal and transverse sections). 209

figure 9.24 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section). 210

figure 9.25 Sciatic nerve (longitudinal section). 211

figure 9.26 Sciatic nerve (transverse section). 211

figure 9.27 Peripheral nerve: nodes of Ranvier and axons. 212

figure 9.28 Ultrastructure of peripheral nerve fascicle in the PNS cut in the transverse plane. 213

figure 9.29 Dorsal root ganglion, with dorsal and ventral roots, spinal nerve (longitudinal section). 214

figure 9.30 Cells and unipolar neurons of a dorsal root ganglion. 215

figure 9.31 Multipolar neurons, surrounding cells, and nerve fibers of a sympathetic ganglion. 215

figure 9.32 Dorsal root ganglion: unipolar neurons and surrounding cells. 216

figure 9.33 Transverse section of a spinal cord through the midthoracic region. 219

figure 9.34 Transverse section of a spinal cord through the lumbar region. 219

figure 9.35 a section of the anterior horn of spinal cord illustrating multipolar motor neurons and the adjacent myelinated axons. 220

figure 9.36 A section of an anterior horn of the spinal cord illustrating the cellular and fibrillar components of the cord. 220

figure 9.37 Spinal cord spread showing a multipolar motor neuron in the anterior horn. 221

figure 9.38 A section of sensory dorsal root ganglion with its unipolar neurons, axons bundles, and the surrounding connective tissue capsule. 221

figure 9.39 A transverse section of a nerve illustrating individual cells, axons, and the surrounding connective tissue. 222

figure 9.40 A longitudinal section of a peripheral nerve with nodes of Ranvier. axons, and the protein network in the washed-out myelin sheaths. 222

CHAPTER 10 circulatory system 224

figure 10.1 Muscular artery. 225

figure 10.2 Large vein. 226

figure 10.3 Three fypes of capillaries (transverse sections). 227

figure 10.4 Blood and lymphatic vessels in the connective tissue. 228

figure 10.5 Capillaries sectioned in transverse and longitudinal planes in the mesentery of a small intestine. 229

figure 10.6 Ultrastructure of a continuous capillary sectioned in the transverse plane in the CNS. 230

figure 10.7 Ultrastructure of a fenestrated capillary sectioned in the transverse plane in the choroid plexus of a CNS ventricle. 231

figure 10.8 Muscular artery and vein (transverse section). 232

figure 10.9 Artery and vein in the dense irregular connective tissue of the vas deferens. 233

figure 10.10 Wall of a large elastic artery: aorta (transverse section). 234

figure 10.11 Wall of a large vein: portal vein (transverse section). 235

figure 10.12 Heart: a section of the left atrium, atrioventricular valve, and left ventricle (longitudinal section). 236

figure ю.13 Heart: a section of the right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary valve (longitudinal section), 237

figure 10.14 Heart: contracting cardiac muscle fibers and impulse-conducting Purkinje fibers. 238

figure 10.15 a section of heart wall: Purkinje fibers. 239

figure 10.16 Mesentery spread with a capillary, endothelial nuclei, and the surrounding connective tissue cells and fibers. 245

figure 10.17 a section of a mesentery illustrating a capillary with red blood cells, a mast cell, and the surrounding washed-out outlines of adipose cells. 245

figure 10.18 Structural comparison between an artery and a vein in the mesentery. 246

figure 10.19 Structural comparison of layers in the walls of a vein and an artery in the mesentery. 246

figure 10.20 Comparison of a small artery and a vein with valves surrounded by loose connective tissue with fibrocytes. 247

figure 10.21 Higher magnification of an artery and a vein walls with surrounding adipose cells. 247

figure 10.22 Section of an arterial wall illustrating the different layers. 248

figure 10.23 a section of the heart wall near a ventricle illustrating different structures. 248

CHAPTER 11 immune system 249

figure11.1 Location and distribution of the lymphoid organs and lymphatic channels in the body. 250

figure1 1.2 Internal contents of a lymph node. 250

figure 11.3 Internal contents of the spleen. 250

figure 11.4 Lymph node (panoramic view). 253

figure 11.5 Lymph node: capsule, cortex, and medulla (sectional view). 254

figure 11 .6 Cortex and medulla of a lymph node. 256

figure 11.7 Lymph node: subcortical sinus, trabecular sinus, reticular cells, and lymphatic nodule. 257

figure 11.8 Lymph node: high endothelial venule in the paracortex (deep cortex) of a lymph node. 258

figure 11.9 Lymph node: subcapsular sinus, trabecular sinus, and supporting reticular fibers. 258

figure 11.10 Thymus gland (panoramic view). 259

figure 11.11 Thymus gland (sectional view). 260

figure 11.12 Cortex and medulla of a thymus gland. 260

figure 11.13 Spleen (panoramic view). 262

figure 11.14 Spleen: red and white pulp. 263

figure1 1.15 Red and white pulp of the spleen. 264

figure 11.16 Palatine tonsil. 265

figure 11.17 A low-power section of a primate lymph node illustrating its internal components. 269

figure i 1.18 Medium magnification of a section of primate cortex and medulla of a lymph node. 269

figure 11.19 Higher magnification of a primate lymph node illustrating its contents. 270

figure 11.20 Low-magnification section of human spleen illustrating its contents. 270

figure 11.21 A section of human spleen illustrating lymphatic nodules, periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS), and the red and white pulp. 271

figure 11.22 A section of primate thymus gland illustrating the cortex and medulla and their contents. 271

figure 11.23 A section of human thymus cortex with the thymic (Hassall) corpuscle and the surrounding cells. 272

figure 11.24 Human palatine tonsil illustrating the crypts and the internal structures. 272

CHAPTER 12 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 273

SECTION 1 Thin Skin 276

figure 12.1 Contents of the connective tissue dermis of the thin skin of the arm. 276

figure 12.2 Thin skin: epidermis and the contents of the dermis. 277

figure 12.3 Skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis in the scalp. 278

figure12.4 Hairy thin skin of the scalp: hair follicles and surrounding structures. 279

figure 12.5 Hair follicle: bulb of the hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, and arrector pili muscle. 280

SECTION 2 Thick Skin 281

figure 12.6 Contents of the connective tissue dermis of the thick skin of the palm. 281

figure 12.7 Thick skin: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis of the palm. 282

figure 12.8 Thick skin of the palm, superficial cell layers, and melanin pigment. 283

figure 12.9 Thick skin: epidermis and superficial cell layers. 284

figure 12.10 Apocrine sweat gland: secretory and excretory portions of the sweat gland. 285

figure 12.11 Cross section and three-dimensional appearance of an eccrine sweat gland. 286

figure 12.12 Glomus in the dermis of thick skin. 288

figure 12.13 Pacinian corpuscles in the dermis of thick skin (transverse and longitudinal sections). 289

figure 12.14 Hairy thin skin of the human scalp illustrating hair follicles and surrounding tissues in the dermis. 293

figure 12.15 A section of primate thin skin illustrating the contents of the epidermis and dermis. 293

figure 12.16 A section of human thick skin (palm) illustrating the epidermis, dermis, and their contents. 294

figure 12.17 A section of human thick skin illustrating the layers of epidermis. 294

figure 12.18 High-magnification section of human thick skin illustrating the epidermal layers, a Meissner corpuscle, and the underlying dermis. 295

figure 12.19 A section of human dermis with excretory ducts and the secretory cells of the sweat glands surrounded by myoepithelial cells. 295

figure 12.20 Higher magnification of a human sweat gland with excretory ducts secretory cells, and myoepithelial cells. 296

figure 12.21 Pacinian corpuscle with surrounding structures in the dermis of a male primate organ. 296

CHAPTER 13 digestive system part i: oral cavity and major salivary glands 297

Section I Oral Cavity 297

figure 13.1 Sagittal section of a tooth. 297

figure 13.2 a section of posterior tongue showing the circumvallate papillae, the location of the taste buds, and the associated serous glands. 298

figure 13.3 Dorsal surface of the tongue, showing the location of different papillae and tonsils. 298

figure 13.4 A section of the tongue epithelium showing the taste bud and its cells spanning the entire width of the stratified squamous epithelium. 299

figure 13.5 Lip (longitudinal section). 300

figure 13.6 Anterior region of the tongue: apex (longitudinal section). 301

figure 13.7 Tongue: circumvallate papilla (cross section). 302

figure 13.8 Tongue: filiform and fungiform papillae. 303

figure 13.9 Tongue: taste buds. 304

figure 13.10 Posterior tongue: behind circumvallate papillae and near lingual tonsil (longitudinal section). 305

figure 13.11 Lingual tonsils (transverse section). 306

figure 13.12 Dried tooth (longitudinal section). Ground and unstained. 307

figure 13.13 Dried tooth: dentinoenamel junction. Ground and unstained. 308

figure 13.1 a Dried tooth: cementum and dentin junction. Ground and unstained. 308

figure 13.15 Developing tooth (longitudinal section). 309

figure 13.16 Developing tooth: dentinoenamel junction in detail. 310

SECTION 2 Major Salivary Glands 310

figure 13.17 Salivary glands. The different types of acini (serous, mucous, and mixed, with serous demilunes), different duct types (intercalated, striated, and interlobular), and myoepithelial cells of a salivary gland are illustrated. 311

figure 13.18 Parotid salivary gland. 313

figure 13.19 Submandibular salivary gland. 314

figure 13.20 Sublingual salivary gland. 315

figure 13.21 Serous salivary gland: parotid gland. 316

figure 13.22 Mixed salivary gland: sublingual gland. 317

figure 13.23 Dorsal surface of the human tongue illustrating the filiform and fungiform papillae with taste buds. 321

figure 13.24 Dorsal surface of the human tongue illustrating the circumvallate papilla with surrounding structures. 321

figure 13.25 Plastic section of the fungiform papilla on a primate tongue illustrating taste buds. 322

figure 13.26 Section of a primate serous parotid salivary gland illustrating a striated duct and serous acini. 322

figure 13.27 Seromucous (submandibular) primate gland illustrating serous and mucous acini and different excretory ducts. 323

figure 13.28 Plastic section of a primate seromucous (submandibular) salivary gland illustrating the serous and mucous acini. 323

figure 13.29 A section of primate seromucous (sublingual) gland with mucous acini, serous demilunes, and excretory ducts. 324

figure 13.30 A section of primate seromucous (sublingual) gland illustrating the mucous acini, serous demilunes, and excretory ducts. 324

CHAPTER 14 digestive system part ii: esophagus and stomach 325

Section 1 Esophagus 326

figure 14.1 Four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia) in the wall of the esophagus and their characteristic contents. 326

figure 14.2 Wall of the upper esophagus (transverse section). 327

figure 14.3 Upper esophagus (transverse section). 328

figure 14.4 Lower esophagus (transverse section). 329

figure 14.5 Upper esophagus: mucosa and submucosa (longitudinal view). 330

figure 14.6 Lower esophageal wall (transverse section). 331

figure 14.7 Esophageal-stomach junction. 332

figure 14.8 Esophageal-stomach junction (transverse section). 333

SECTION 2 Stomach 334

figure 14.9 Four layers (mucosa, submucosa. muscularis externa, and serosa) in the wall of the stomach and their characteristic contents. 334

figure 14.10 Stomach: fundus and body region (transverse section). 335

figure 14.11 Stomach: mucosa of the fundus and body (transverse section). 337

figure 14.12 Stomach: fundus and body region (plastic section). 338

figure 14.13 Stomach: superficial region of gastric (fundic) mucosa. 340

figure 14.14 Stomach: basal region of gastric (fundic) mucosa. 341

figure 14.15 Pyloric region of the stomach. 343

figure 14.16 Pyloric-duodenal junction (longitudinal section). 345

figure 14.17 A transverse section of a primate esophagus illustrating the contents of its wall. Esophageal glands proper are in the submucosa. 349

figure 14.18 A higher magnification of a human esophageal wall illustrating epithelium and the lamina propria. 349

figure 14.19 Esophageal-stomach junction in a human illustrating the abrupt epithelial change at the junction. 350

figure 14.20 Lower-power illustration of the body/fundus section of a primate stomach wall. 350

figure 14.21 Lower-power illustration of the body/fundus section of a human stomach wall. 351

figure 14.22 A section of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach illustrating the gastric pits and gastric glands with different cells. 351

figure 14.23 A thin plastic section of the luminal surface area of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach. 352

figure 14.24 A section of the body/fundus region of a primate stomach illustrating bases of the gastric glands. 352

CHAPTER 15 digestive system part iii: small intestine and large intestine 353

Section 1 Small Intestine 353

figure is.i Different cell types and layers in the wall of the small intestine. 354

figure 15.2 Small intestine: duodenum (longitudinal section). 355

figure 15.3 Small intestine: duodenum (transverse section). 357

figure 15.4 Small intestine: jejunum (transverse section). 358

figure 15.5 Intestinal glands with Paneth cells and enteroendocrine cells. 359

figure 15.6 Small intestine: jejunum with Paneth cells. 360

figure 15.7 Small intestine: ileum with lymphatic nodules (Peyer patches) (transverse section). 361

figure 15.8 Small intestine: villi (longitudinal and transverse section). 362

figure 15.9 Ultrastructure of microvilli in an absorptive cell in the small intestine. 363

SECTION 2 Large Intestine (Colon) 365

figure 15.10 Different cells and layers in the wall of the large intestine. 365

figure 15.11 Large intestine: colon and mesentery (panoramic view, transverse section). 366

figure 15.12 Large intestine: colon wall (transverse section). 367

figure 15.13 Large intestine: colon wall (transverse section). 368

figure 15.14 Appendix (panoramic view, transverse section). 370

figure 15.15 Rectum (panoramic view, transverse section). 371

figure 15.16 Anorectal junction (longitudinal section). 372

figure 15.17 A cross section of feline duodenum illustrating its characteristic features. Cells with mucus secretions stain magenta-red. 376

figure 15.18 Higher magnification of a primate duodenum with intestinal and the characteristic duodenal glands. 376

figure 15.19 High magnification of the villus from a human duodenum illustrating its contents. 377

figure 15.20 A section of human jejunum illustrating the mucosa with Paneth cells in the intestinal glands. 377

figure 15.21 A section of feline jejunum illustrating the bases of the intestinal glands with Paneth cells. 378

figure 15.22 A section of human ileum illustrating a Peyer patch and the submucosal lymphocytic aggregation. 378

figure 15.23 A section of human colon with temporary folds, intestinal glands, and a section of taeniae coli. 379

figure 15.24 A plastic section of primate colon illustrating the contents of its wall. 379

CHAPTER 16 digestive system part iv: accessory digestive organs (liver, pancreas, and gallbladder)

SECTION 1 Liver 380

figure 16.1 A section from the liver is illustrated, with emphasis on the details of the liver lobule. 381

figure 16.2 Pig liver (panoramic view, transverse section). 382

figure 16.3 Primate liver (panoramic view, transverse section). 383

figure 16.4 Bovine liver: liver iobule (transverse section). 384

figure 16.5 Hepatic (liver) lobule (sectional view, transverse section). 385

figure 16.6 Bile canaliculi in a liver lobule (osmic acid preparation). 385

figure 16.7 Kupffer cells in a liver lobule (India ink preparation). 386

figure 16.8 Glycogen granules in liver cells (hepatocytes). 386

figure 16.9 Reticular fibers in a liver lobule. 387

figure 16.10 Liver sinusoids, space of Disse. hepatocytes. and endothelial cells in a liver lobule. 387

SECTION 2 Pancreas 388

figure 16.11 A section from the pancreas is illustrated, with emphasis on the details of the duct system of the exocrine pancreas. 388

figure 16.12 Exocrine and endocrine pancreas (sectional view). 389

figure 16.13 Pancreatic islet. 390

figure 16.14 Pancreatic islet (special preparation). 391

figure 16.15 Pancreas: endocrine (pancreatic islet) and exocrine regions. 392

figure 16.16 Immunohistochemical preparation of a mammalian pancreatic islet. 393

SECTION 3 Gallbladder 393

figure 16.17 Wall of the gallbladder. 394

figure 16.18 Low magnification of a pig liver illustrating lobules separated by connective tissue septa. 398 figure 16.19 Portal area in a pig liver illustrating its contents. 398

figure 16.20 Higher magnification of a liver lobule surrounding the central vein illustrating the glycogen granules in hepatocytes. 399

figure 16.21 Section of a rodent liver lobule after injection with India ink-to illustrate the phagocytic Kupffer cells. 399

figure 16.22 Low-power section of a primate pancreas illustrating the endocrine pancreatic islets and the surrounding exocrine acini. 400

figure 16.23 A higher-power section of a primate pancreatic islet, the excretory duct, and the surrounding acini. 400

figure 16.24 More detailed image of a primate pancreatic islet, excretory duct, and the surrounding cells. 401

figure 16.25 Low-power section of a primate gallbladder wall illustrating its contents. 401

CHAPTER 17 respiratory system 402

figure 17.1 A section of the lung is illustrated in three dimensions and in transverse section. Magnified versions of a bronchiole and a type II pneumocyte (both circled here) are illustrated in Figures 17.2 and 17.S. respectively. 403

figure 17.2 Internal structure of the respiratory bronchiole in the lung illustrating the close proximity of air in the alveolus, the blood in the capillary, and the macrophage dust cell. 404

figure 17.3 High magnification of a type II alveolar cell in an alveolus. 404

figure 17.4 Olfactory mucosa and superior concha (panoramic view). 405

figure 17.5 Olfactory mucosa: details of a transitional area. 406

figure 17.6 Olfactory mucosa in the nose: transition area. 407

figure 17.7 Epiglottis (longitudinal section). 408

figure 17.8 Larynx (frontal section). 409

figure 17.9 Trachea (panoramic view, transverse section). 410

figure 17.10 Tracheal wall (sectional view). 411

figure 17.11 Lung (panoramic view). 412

figure 17.12 Intrapulmonary bronchus (transverse section). 413

figure 17.13 Intrapulmonary bronchus, cartilage plates, and surrounding alveoli of the lung. 414

figure 17.14 Terminal bronchiole (transverse section). 415

figure 17.15 Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, and lung alveoli. 416

figure 17.16 Lung: terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and a blood vessel. 417

figure 17.17 Alveolar walls and alveolar cells. 417

figure 17.18 A section of lung alveoli adjacent to a bronchiole wall. 418

figure 17.19 A low-power ultrastructure of the lung, showing a portion of a bronchiole wall and adjacent alveoli. 419

figure 17.20 A section of a human nasal Cavity illustrating the transition and difference between ciliated respiratory epithelium (left) and olfactory epithelium (right). 424

figure 17.21 A section of a primate trachea illustrating the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and the supportive hyaline cartilage. 424

figure 17.22 A section of a primate intrapulmonary bronchi with surrounding lung tissues. 425

figure 17.23 A plastic section of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium from a human intrapulmonary bronchus. 425

figure 17.24 A transverse section of a primate bronchiole with surrounding tissues. 426

figure 17.25 A smaller bronchiole in a primate lung surrounded by alveoli. 426

figure 17.26 A solid terminal primate bronchiole surrounded by alveoli. 427

figure 17.27 A primate respiratory bronchiole with alveoli and surrounded by alveoli. 427

CHAPTER 18 urinary system 428

figure 18.1 A sagittal section of the kidney shows the cortex and medulla, with blood vessels and the excretory ducts, including the pelvis and the ureter. 428

figure 18.2 Histologic comparison of blood vessels, the different tubules of the nephron, and the collecting ducts. 430

figure 18.3 Kidney: cortex, medulla, pyramid, renal papilla, and minor calyx (panoramic view). 432

figure 18.4 Kidney cortex and upper medulla. 433

figure 18.5 Kidney cortex: juxtaglomerular apparatus. 437

figure 18.6 Kidney cortex: renal corpuscle, juxtaglomerular apparatus, and convoluted tubules. 438

figure 18.7 Ultrastructure of cells in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. 439

figure 18.8 Ultrastructure of the apical cell surface in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. 440

figure 18.9 Kidney: scanning electron micrograph of podocytes (visceral epithelium of the glomerular (Bowman) capsule) surrounding the glomerular capillaries. 441

figure 18.10 Kidney: transmission electron micrograph of a podocyte and adjacent capillaries in the renal corpuscle. 442

figure 18.11 Kidney medulla: papillary region (transverse section). 443

figure 18.12 Kidney medulla: terminal end of a papilla (longitudinal section). 444

figure 18.13 Kidney: ducts of the medullary region (longitudinal section). 445

figure 18.14 Urinary system: ureter (transverse section). 446

figure 18.15 Section of a ureter wall (transverse section). 447

figure 18.16 Ureter (transverse section). 448

figure 18.17 Urinary bladder: wall (transverse section). 448

figure 18.18 Urinary bladder: contracted mucosa (transverse section). 449

figure 18.19 Urinary bladder: stretched mucosa (transverse section). 450

figure 18.20 A low-power micrograph of a rodent unilobar kidney (in humans, the kidney is multilobar). 455

figure 18.21 A higher-power section of rodent kidney cortex illustrating its contents. 455

figure 18.22 A section through a human kidney cortex illustrating the renal corpuscle arid the surrounding ducts. 456

figure 18.23 Longitudinal section of the medullary region of a primate kidney with different tubules and blood vessels. 456

figure 18.24 Longitudinal section of papillary ducts in the papilla of a primate kidney illustrating simple columnar epithelium and the surrounding tissue. 457

figure 18.25 A transverse section of primate ureter, its transitional epithelium, the smooth muscle layers, and the surrounding tissues. 457

figure 18.26 A section of the wall from an empty primate bladder and the appearance of the transitional epithelium. 458

figure 18.27 A section of a distended primate bladder wall and the appearance of the transitional epithelium. 458

CHAPTER 19 ENDOCRIME SYSTEM 450

SECTION 1 Hormones and Pituitary Gland 459

figure 19.1 Hypothalamus and hypophysis (pituitary gland). A section of hypothalamus and hypophysis illustrates the neuronal, axonal. and vascular connections between the hypothalamus and the hypophysis. Also illustrated are the major target cells, tissues, and organs that respond to the hormones that are produced by both the anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) pituitary gland. 460

figure 19.2 Hypophysis (panoramic view, sagittal section). 463

figure 19.3 Hypophysis: sections of pars distalis. pars intermedia, and pars nervosa. 464

figure 19.4 Hypophysis: pars distalis (sectional view). 465

figure 19.5 Cell types in the hypophysis. 465

figure 19.6 Hypophysis: pars distalis. pars intermedia, and pars nervosa. 466

SECTION 2 Thyroid Gland, Parathyroid Glands, and Adrenal Gland 471

figure 19.7 The microscopic organization of the parathyroid and thyroid gland is illustrated. 471

figure 19.8 The microscopic organization of the adrenal gland is illustrated. 472

figure 19.9 Thyroid gland: canine (general view). 473

figure 19.10 Thyroid gland follicles: canine (sectional view). 474

figure 19.11 Thyroid and parathyroid glands: canine (sectional view). 475

figure 19.12 Thyroid gland and parathyroid gland. 476